Creative Writing Commentry Essay Example for Free

Experimental writing Commentry Essay The kite sprinter presents a story of interlaced individual clashes and catastrophes, its a convincing novel set in 1970s Afghanistan, rotating around a terrible episode that permits Hosseini to inspect topics of dedication and treachery, uncovering its noteworthy imperfections in 1970s Afghan culture. This catching plot is the thing that pulled in me to utilize The Kite Runner as my improvement text as it gave me a chance to investigate the subjects of unwaveringness and selling out while adding a cutting edge curve to it. For my inventive piece I chose to make a short monolog out of a companion seeing his long lasting buddy being a survivor of blade wrongdoing, this short monolog mirrors that of Amirs contemplations during the scene in the kite sprinter while his stepbrother Hassan is being assaulted by another kid from the area. From this monolog it is clear I have explicitly shaped it by taking certain angles from the assault scene of the kite sprinter and furthermore engaged another viewpoint from the kite sprinter by using the subject of treachery and furthermore considering the chronicled setting of the novel as it was set during a period of contention in Afghan people group during the 1970s in this way by modernizing it so it identifies with the social setting of today, as blade wrongdoing is right around an every day, stylish event in present day society, much the same as clashes between the Pashtuns and Hazaras were during 1970s Afghanistan. The title Loyalty Juxtaposes the genuine monolog as it depicts a demonstration of traitorousness, and it might be said selling out. This was done to make the peruser recall the title in the wake of perusing it as the plot of the monolog is probably going to have been a complexity of their suppositions before they really understood it, this likewise includes a feeling of vagueness and leaves the peruser to guess or foresee what may have occurred next as I deliberately didn't clarify what the storyteller does after Jamals last words, does he in certainty enable the title by then seeking after his killer? This is an inquiry that is probably going to wait in the perusers contemplations. My title has a comparative impact to that of Khaled Hosseinis tale, as the title The Kite Runner is one which promptly make suspicions about a story which depicts opportunity and solidarity, anyway simply like my monolog, the novel compares its title as the story is based around mistreatment in Afghan cul ture and intra-clashes between a religion . Like Khaled Hosseini, I utilized the utilization of short and single word sentences in the development to my peak to make a feeling of expectation not long before one of the principle characters Jamal is cut Jamals loaded up with alarm. Disarray. Lament. This is likewise done in kite sprinter towards the assault sceneHe unfastened his pants. Dropped his clothing. He situated himself behind Hassan. Hassan Didnt battle. This was done as It makes a threatening situation, strengthening the perusers conviction that something emotional is inescapable. Another method I have received from Khaled Hosseini is his utilization of flashbacks to furnish the peruser with data of the two young men relationship before this grievous night, this is powerful as it permits them to comprehend why this little fellows musings are loaded up with such scorn and threatening vibe towards himself for not helping his perishing companion. Besides I endeavored to utilized Hosseinis utilization of symbolism viably in my Creative piece, this is appeared through my depiction of the scenes before the blade occurrence Jamal still lay on the ground hosed by the slight sprinkle of downpour. Fixed. His blood gradually dribbling from his coat to the ground arrival into the pool of water, weakening it. This is like the way Hosseini approaches the climactic scene of his novel when he portrays the rear entryway wherein Hassan is assaulted A ruin of scrap and rubble littered the back street. Worn bike tires, bottles with stripped names, tore up magazines, yellow papers, all dissipated in the midst of a heap of blocks and pieces of concretes. Another strategy of Hosseinis that I endeavored to recreate was the manner by which he organized The Kite Runner, numerous pundits have proposed that Hosseini builds up a structure in the novel where he can set up desires toward the start of the novel, at that point transform these desires into a reality by the end. I have endeavored this by joining flashbacks into my first section causing it to show up as something emotional will happen in the following passage, while Hosseini utilizes flashbacks additionally to speak to the way that the key character Amir will be compelled to redress these early encounters to rescue what is surviving from his blameworthy cognizant. I likewise fused a comparative sentence structure in my piece using short sentences and delays. Generally speaking I have attempted to duplicate certain viewpoints from my improvement text The Kite Runner, basically those including structure, the key topics and furthermore the importance of the title and flashbacks, the recorded and social setting of the novel, the utilization of symbolism, juxtaposition of the subjects as reliability and selling out are nearly alternate extremes of one another. I trust I have been effective in accomplishing the vast majority of these variables as the larger part are remembered for my innovative peice.

Bentham and Kant Essay

Jeremy Bentham was an English rationalist and political radical. He is profoundly known and regarded today for his ethical way of thinking, principally his rule of utilitarianism. Utilitarianism assesses activities dependent on their outcomes. Bentham is most broadly known for his quest for inspiration and worth. Bentham was a solid adherent to individual and monetary opportunity, the division of chapel and state, opportunity of articulation, equivalent rights for ladies, the option to separate and the decriminalizing of gay acts. During his time he assisted with the annulment of bondage, the nullification of capital punishment and the cancelation of physical discipline, including kids. Bentham was conceived in Houndsditch, London in 1748 to an extremely well off family who bolstered the Tory party. He was extremely shrewd and brilliant disapproved. At the point when he was a little child he was found behind his father’s work area perusing the historical backdrop of England and at age three he started contemplating Latin. He got his lords degree from Oxford College in 1766, where there after he prepared as an attorney however never rehearsed. Rather, Bentham chose to expound on the law. One of Bentham’s significant impacts was Joseph Priestley. Bentham read Priestley’s work and had immediately altered his perspective on the preservationist political perspectives that he had experienced childhood in. One proclamation specifically from The First Principles of Government and the Nature of Political, Civil and Religious Liberty majorly affected Bentham; â€Å"The great and satisfaction of the individuals, that is most of the individuals from the state, is the extraordinary standard by which everything identifying with that state should at last be resolved. † Bentham was additionally vigorously affected by the thinker David Hume. In 1798 Bentham composed Principles of International Law where he contended that all inclusive harmony must be acquired by first accomplishing European Unity. He sought that some after of European Parliament would have the option to uphold the freedom of the press, facilitated commerce, the surrender everything being equal and a decrease in the cash being spent on deadly implements. One of Bentham’s most celebrated works was Constitutional Code in 1830. Here Bentham shares a large number of his thoughts and convictions on political majority rules system. Bentham contends that political change ought to be directed by the foremost that the new framework will advance the joy of most of the individuals influenced by it. He additionally contends about all inclusive testimonial, yearly parliaments and vote by voting form. Bentham accepted that there ought to be no ruler, no House of Lords and no settled church. In Constitutional Code Bentham additionally incorporates his view that people ought to have the option to cast a ballot. Bentham additionally tended to the issue of how government ought to be sorted out and proposes the persistent review of crafted by legislators and government authorities. Maybe Bentham’s most broadly noted for his work with Utilitarianism and is noted as the author of current utilitarianism. His work can be found in his book The Principles of Morals and Legislation. Utilitarianism is characterized as â€Å"a hypothesis in regularizing morals holding that the best possible game-plan is the one that boosts utility, explicitly characterized as expanding satisfaction and decreasing affliction. † Bentham inspected the idea of discipline and when it ought to be utilized similarly as whether a discipline will make more delight or agony for society. He accepted that the enactment of a general public is indispensable to keep up the most extreme joy and the base level of agony for the best measure of individuals. Jeremy Bentham died on June sixth 1832 at 84 years old. Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant was conceived, lived and died in his old neighborhood of Konigsberg. He lived from 1724 to 1804. He learned at the nearby college and later came back to guide and talk understudies. It wasn’t until he met an English dealer by the name of Joseph Green that Kant scholarly of David Hume and started to build up his thoughts of ethics and qualities. Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781) is accepted to numerous to be his most prominent work. Kant’s was known essentially, in any case, for his ethical code The Categorical Imperative. Immanuel Kant was a supporter of Deontology, or obligation morals. Deontology is a hypothesis holding that choices ought to be made exclusively or principally by thinking about one’s obligations and the privileges of others. One of the most significant ramifications of deontology is that a person’s conduct can not be right regardless of whether it brings about the most ideal result. Furthermore, a demonstration can be correct regardless of whether it brings about a terrible result. As opposed to consequentialism, a way of thinking notorious for its case that whatever it takes to get the job done, so be it, deontology demands that how individuals achieve their objectives is normally, or consistently, more significant than what individuals achieve. Kant’s moral way of thinking depends on the unmitigated goal, cooperative attitude, and obligation. As indicated by the clear cut goal, it is a flat out need, an order that people should accord with universalizable proverbs to regard individuals as finishes in themselves and exercise their will with no worries about the results or states of their activities. This idea can likewise be communicated in methodical terms by the two after plans. The principal type of the straight out basic endorses that we should act just as per that proverb whereby we can simultaneously will that it should turn into a general law. The subsequent one expresses that we should treat mankind, regardless of whether in our own individual or in the individual of another, consistently simultaneously as an end and never essentially as a methods. So as to comply with the straight out goal, individuals need to follow up on a saying that can be universalized. For example, Kant contends that a lying guarantee is terrible since it doesn't breeze through the all inclusiveness assessment. At whatever point an individual makes a guarantee realizing that he should break it, he abuses the primary detailing of the unmitigated goal. He expects to utilize another man simply as a necessary chore which the last doesn't similarly hold. As it were, Kant doesn't accept that lying guarantees are terrible because of the way that they produce awful outcomes but since they bring about a commonsense logical inconsistency. As per him, individuals can’t lie since they can’t represent the outcomes. Thinking about the second detailing of the clear cut objective, we want to have others working for us restricted to some ethical quality standards without treating them just as a methods. Kant accepts that despite the fact that we can make our own finishes, we can’t use individuals for our own devise. On the off chance that we meddle with others to seek after their end while seeking after our own end, we damage their self-sufficiency. We can’t have twofold measures for ourselves and for other people. It is ethically compulsory for us to regard others since individuals are sound specialists. We should regard everybody in precisely the same way and treat them as self-ruling. As sound creatures, people are deliberately joined through normal laws inside the Kingdom of Ends. We have a place with this realm as a part when we administer in it all inclusive laws while additionally acting naturally subject to these laws. As indicated by Kant, everybody, regardless of what their identity is, ought to be both the administrator and the supporter of good laws. By and large, Kant’s hypothesis underscores that nobody is a special case to moral laws, that individuals must follow up on firmly held convictions or obligations that are not to their greatest advantage, and that we ought to never utilize individuals.

How and to what extent performance management in the public sector has Essay

How and to what degree execution the board in the open division has changed under contemporary administrative changes Identify a - Essay Example In interest for changes in the administration of the open segments, there have been radical changes over the most recent two decades on how governments do their administration; there has been redistributing of those administration practices and procedures from the private-for â€profit divisions to change the administration (open) area. From that point forward, a few nations have received these practices; Australia, New Zealand, and UK are a portion of the nations that have embraced the practices in the open area the board (Aulich, Halligan and Nutley 2001, p.46). Despite the fact that the framework is broadly accepted to be related with the created nations, in the ongoing decade, its application has been seen in some of the transitional and creating economies. These contemporary strategies and practices sourced from the private area to the open division are alluded to as New Public Management, NPM (Eliassen and Sitter 2008, p.58). Weights for Change NPM selection accompanied the r ising weight from different quarters; it is a change procedure that has been received in view of unsettling from a few areas and intrigued gatherings. A portion of the reasons that prompted the appropriation of the new system of open administration included; Fiscal and Economic Pressure on the Governments This issue was first seen in the created nations before spreading to the creating nations of Africa and Asia, of late; it was likewise seen in the Asian tiger Economies. There were monetary pressure that was required by gigantic open division deficiency, spiraling obligation, and ominous equalization of exchange. This financial issue made it workable for the remaking of the open segment through reconsidering, reshaping what the job of the legislature is, to counter the issues that were confronting the open area, uncommon proportion of privatization, contracting, and scaling back turned into the accessible alternatives (Bovaird and Loffler 2009, p.37). There was additionally open cl amor on the weathered and the bureaucratic idea of the old request, the expanded analysis from people in general on the incapability and wasteful aspects related with open conveyance of administrations occasioned the requirement for change. The old request was condemned for its moderate and lethargy that is driven by the set up rules as opposed to its presentation. The universal specialists on the board thoughts informed most with respect to the legislature on the need to change the administration of the open division by coordinating a portion of the administration apparatuses from the private parts (Ferlie, Laurence and Christopher, 2005, p.84). At long last, for the transitional and creating nations, there change has been required by the contributor organizations; it has been one of the conditions for loaning structure the worldwide monetary foundation like the World Bank and the IMF. Changes Noted in the Public Sector following NPM As expressed above in early on part there was re quirement for progressively productive and compelling of the open segment assets, in such manner a few devices utilized in the administration have been utilized that are sourced from the private division to improve the exhibition of the open area association following the disappointment of the conventional frameworks utilized. In affecting this, few changes have been seen from the conventional request of open part the executives, these progressions have been

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the creator of One Hundred Years of Solitude, lived and encountered a strict Latin American life. These encounters played a fundamental capacity in the improvement of his characters, explicitly Jose Arcadio Buendia. Jose Arcadio Buendia was the originator of the guiltless city of Macondo where â€Å"the world was later to such an extent that numerous things needed names. †(p. 1) He was a solid facilitator and looked to as a leader.As Melquiades and different vagabonds went through the town, Jose Arcadio Buendia’s consideration was immediately caught. Interested by their enchantment and resolved to find out additional, he dealt the most significant assets of his family in return for their otherworldly apparatuses. He would then invest his energy attempting to make sense of how to utilize these apparatuses and what they implied, unconscious of the way that his consistent interest for information would before long lead to his downfall.In the interim , he got fixated on attempting to discover human advancement outside of Macondo, an errand he had neglected to do however his significant other, Ursula, had just finished months after the fact. I trust Jose Arcadio Buendia’s want to discover other human advancement is identified with his fixation for information and data for reasons past simply the basic establishing of individuals. The revelation of development won't just permit him to discover increasingly obscure data, yet will likewise subliminally permit him and his family to connect with more people.It is conceivable that this inner mind journey for social communication is the real reason for the self preoccupation and isolation that is clearly an attribute of his family line. This accidental defilement of his family is predictable with the importance of Jose Arcadio Buendia inside the novel. The honesty of the remainder of Macondo was additionally debased through Buendia’s fixation for realities and information. If he had not looked for answers, the rovers may have had no motivator to come back to Macondo, Jose Arcadio would have never impregnated the vagabond young lady or joined the rovers as they left town, and Ursula would have never followed Jose Arcadio and come back with information on the way through the bog that prompted other development. Indeed, regardless of whether the tramps kept on going through the town Ursula still found the way through the bog, it was her husband’s fixation of finding other development that made referencing of this way significant.Beyond this unfurling grouping of occasions, the quest for truth adulterates human’s capacities to live in dreamlands without understanding its dream. When truth is uncovered, the world past to that reality will be deciphered as an erroneous lifestyle. Accordingly, proceeding with the endeavor to carry on with that â€Å"incorrect† life in the wake of realizing reality will currently be deciphered as a dream. On the off chance that reality had not been uncovered, the town of Macondo could have lived in a dreamland without deciphering it as a fantasy.In looking and uncovering reality, Jose Arcadio Buendia tainted the creative mind of the locals with a right response for things. Before long things started to have explicit names and individuals had right lifestyles. I see Macondo as the Garden of Eden’s additional opportunity. On the off chance that the universe of the novel were contrasted with the Holy Bible, at that point Jose Arcadio Buendia would represent Adam. His fixations and consistent quest for information is obviously undifferentiated from Adam and Eve when they eat from the tree of information on great and evil.The resulting destruction of the Buendia family just as the remainder of Macondo is equivalent to Adam and Eve being prohibited from Eden and condemned to carry on with a human life. When Jose Arcadio Buendia is attached to a tree by different residents, it is an image for how Bible devotees, for example, Christians, are attempting to isolate themselves from Adam and Eve through recovery and compromise. Through the demise of the Buendia line, Marquez might be attempting to uncover the likelihood that the line of Adam and Eve can likewise be finished.

Everything You Need to Know about the Psychology of Choice

Everything You Need to Know about the Psychology of Choice © Shutterstock.com | fotogestoeberIn this article, you will learn about 1) an introduction to choice and the psychology behind it, 2) debunking the psychology of choice, 3) bias and choice, and 4) why it is so hard to make a choice for most of us.INTRODUCTIONWe live in an age where we have a plethora of options to choose from in every aspect of life. In previous generations, this was never the case because people had a limited number of options to choose from. Now before we move on to understanding the psychology of choice, let us think long and hard on what the word ‘choice’ actually means.The best definition so far that captures the essence of the psychology of choice is that ‘choice is the purest expression of free will’. Today, we get to choose anything that helps us in shaping our lives exactly how we want, provided we have ample resources. In order to better understand the psychology of choice, let us look at a real-life example.Suppose, you are looking for a suitable life partner but all the suitors you have met so far have failed to impress you. Disappointed, you join an online dating website and suddenly a magical world opens up to you where you have the ‘option’ to choose someone you like. This magical world that you were once unaware of suddenly becomes a reality and that is when you realize that the possibilities are endless.But having so many options available becomes more of a bane than a boon at times. Take e-commerce websites, for example. There are so many online shopping websites where you can get your hands on anything â€" from apparel for men and women, to shoes, electronics, and even bath, home and kitchen products. The list of items is so exhaustive that it would take you hours before you could decide what you want to buy.No matter how many filters you use, it is still hard for you to make up your mind about what exactly you want to buy. This delay in the process of decision-making would not have occurred if the options to cho ose from were limited. One of the reasons why you tend not to buy anything at all when you are presented with so many options in one go is because it leads to indecision.Now you may be wondering if having a choice is actually a good thing since it causes a delay in the decision-making process when it comes to buying. This paradoxical phenomenon is discussed by Professor Sheena Iyengar in her book The Art of Choosing.There were two sampling stations at a grocery store, where customers could choose from 24 and 6 flavors, respectively. The results showed that customers who had only 6 flavor variants were better at selecting a jam flavor, and the conversion rate translated into more than 30%. While on the other hand, customers who had to choose from 24 flavors were indecisive, resulting in a 3% conversion rate.Although the larger assortment of 24 flavors attracted more customers, the limited selection range consisting of 6 flavors generated more sales. If you are confused about the reas on for the delay in the decision-making process when presented with a wide array of options, here is what you need to know.The reason behind all this is linked to human psychology. Choosing wrongly is what we fear when so many options are thrown at us. This is why we cannot arrive at a decision easily. This phenomenon can be explained mathematically as well. When we have two options, there is a 50% chance of selecting the right option. Likewise, if we have five options, the chance of selecting the right option falls to 20%.The situation becomes more complicated when the options increase to more than 20. However, there are other reasons that contribute to this situation, too. Human cognitive limitations and time constraints also play a part in bringing the decision-making process to a halt because we fail to differentiate and distinguish between so many options.Another aspect that plays a role in the selection process is the ever-changing reference point. Whenever a new substitute is introduced, the point of reference changes automatically and creates a new perspective in the minds of the customers. This TED presentation with Sheena is worth watching.DEBUNKING THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CHOICENow that we have some basic knowledge about the different factors that contribute toward the decision-making process when buying products, let us move on to debunk the psychology of choice in more detail.Origins of Choice Theory and What It StatesChoice Theory: A New Psychology of Personal Freedom published in 1998 is widely read by and taught to those who want to understand the psychology of how choice affects us. Here are some key takeaway points that you must focus on:All that humans do is behave.The behavior exhibited by humans is chosen.All humans are genetically driven to satisfy their five basic needs â€" survival, love and belonging, power, fun, and freedom.The three points above capture the essence of Choice Theory, and when coupled with the Seven Caring Habits, it replace s external control psychology and the Seven Deadly Habits. The present psychology of people in almost all parts of the world is external control, which is destructive to relationships.When this mindset of external control is used, it destroys the ability of individuals to achieve satisfaction. This leads to discord between the two and gives rise to problems like violence, crime, spousal abuse, mental illness, and drug addiction. The ten axioms of choice theory are also discussed below:We can only control our own behavior â€" no one else’s.We can only give information to another person.All long-lasting psychological problems are linked to relationship problems.Our relationship problems are part of our present lives.The past shapes us into the individuals we are today. However, we can only satisfy our needs and keep satisfying them in the future.We satisfy our needs by keeping in mind the pictures of our Quality World.Humans can only behave.Acting, thinking, feeling and physiology m ake up total behavior.The entire behavior is chosen by the individual, but only acting and thinking can be controlled, while feeling and physiology can be altered indirectly by controlling the acting and thinking components.Total behavior is explained by verbs and named by the part that is most easily recognizable.What Is a Bias?According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, bias is defined as an inclination of temperament or outlook; especially a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment. Now you may think that women choose their nail polish colors simply by judging the color, but things are not that simple. The name of the shade is equally important when it comes to picking a nail polish color, and this is how our preference changes. This, ladies and gentlemen, is called a bias.Do Biases Matter?Some biases are conscious, while others are unconscious and often termed as implicit bias. If you prefer dogs to cats simply because they are more lovable and less likely to scratch, it is a conscious bias. While on the other hand, implicit bias is hard to explain because we do not know the reason behind our preference. For instance, you do not know why you like red more than blue. Implicit bias is something that greatly affects the way we behave and how we treat others to an alarming extent.BIAS CHOICEDid you know the human brain is capable of billions of calculations per second which means it packs more power than any other computer in the world? Even though this is true, there are some logical fallacies and cognitive biases that often get in the way when we are trying to make a decision.The hitches in our thinking that lead us to make rush decisions with erroneous conclusions come under cognitive bias. It can best be described as a flaw in judgment that results from errors in social attribution, memory, and miscalculations. Logical fallacies like ad hominem, circular arguments, slippery slopes, etc. can be explained as errors in logical argumentation.It is believed by social psychologists that these biases usually affect our choices leading us to make serious mistakes. Here are some biases that you must know about:Gambler’s fallacy is more of a hitch in our thinking that makes us put more pressure on previous events with a belief that they will influence the events that take place in future.The inability of humans to properly grasp a clear sense of peril and risk is called neglecting probability. This essentially is what makes us give too much weight to the risks of comparatively harmless activities while forcing us to overstate the highly dangerous ones even more.The observational selection bias is what makes us notice things that we did not notice before. It is a cognitive bias that makes us feel as if the appearances of certain events or things are not coincidences even though they are.‘If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it’ is how we can describe the status-quo bias in one sentence. The status-quo bias is what powers our conservative tendencies.The negativity bias, on the other hand, makes humans perceive bad news as more profound or important. This is why we feel that negative news are more credible because we are suspicious creatures from the beginning.The need to go with the flow is backed by the bandwagon effect. The bandwagon bias is linked to the undying need of individuals to fit into a particular group of people and feel socially accepted.The projection bias makes us think that all people think like us and agree with our views while that is not true. This cognitive inadequacy often makes us overestimate and suppose that a consensus exists on matters where there may be none.The current moment bias exists because we find it difficult to imagine the future and to alter our expectations and behaviors accordingly.Humans have a tendency to compare and judge a limited set of things. Therefore, the anchoring effect makes us fixate on a number or value that is weighed against everything else.Priming and BehaviorI n psychology, priming refers to the exposure to one stimulus and the response to another stimulus. Priming is usually linked to language recognition. Many studies have shown stereotypes regarding innate ability linked to gender and race having a great impact on standardized test performance. One such study, conducted by Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson, showed that African American students had an unsatisfactory performance on the GRE verbal exam when they were told that the test would be used to measure intellectual abilities.Priming ChoiceMost experts are still baffled by one thing â€" why do some people choose a particular product or service while others blatantly decline even though they seem to be the perfect candidates for it? Why do some people who do not even belong to the target audience group buy the product or service?Now here is the thing about priming and choice â€" if the priming causes people’s performance to suffer, when a conscious choice is involved, people will prefer the option for which they have a positive implicit bias. Right from the start, we are taught to prefer high-quality products, which is why we often tend to go for products that boast the ‘superior quality’ tag.It is also important to understand that people tend to associate quality with modernity and price. The main downside with making such associations is that they can easily overrule the quality of the products we choose between.Anchoring Bias ChoiceWe humans tend to anchor our decisions based on the first piece of information that reaches us. For instance, you normally buy shampoo for $10, but if you see that it is on sale for $8, you will instantly grab it because it seems like a great deal. However, if your friend goes to another high-end store where the same shampoo is being sold for $12, she will react in the same way if she sees that the same shampoo is being offered to customers at $10.In-Group Bias ChoiceThe in-group bias is also termed as the bandwagon effe ct and can best be described as ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ A person in a particular group will act in the same manner as the other members of the group. He or she will try to align his or her likes and dislikes with that of others so as to ‘fit in’.This type of bias usually occurs in groups that are formed around affiliations pertaining to sports, religion, or politics.Framing Effect Bias ChoiceThe framing effect bias occurs when choices are presented to us in a way that affects how we perceive them â€" either as a gain or loss. People are more likely to avoid risk when a positive frame is presented, while more people will take risks if a negative frame is presented. This cognitive bias has a profound effect on people when it comes to making investments.Loss Aversion Bias ChoiceNo one likes to miss or lose things â€" it is only natural to desire the best of the best of everything. The loss aversion bias makes us feel more strongly toward avoiding a loss rather th an receiving a gain. This forms a basis for understanding the endowment effect in which we tend to prefer things we already own as compared to the things we do not.Current Moment Bias ChoiceMost of us would prefer to feel pain today than feel the same tomorrow because it is not easy for us to imagine ourselves in the future and set expectations accordingly. The current moment bias is closely studied by economists because it usually revolves around people’s willingness to save and not overspend.Confirmation Bias ChoiceWe tend to be put off by those people who do not have the same opinion as us on different matters. This simply explains the confirmation bias because we are more likely to be friends with those who are similar to us and share the same opinions as us. The confirmation bias was also referred to as cognitive dissonance by psychologist B.F. Skinner.Post-Purchase Rationalization ChoiceWhen you buy something that was totally unnecessary, overly expensive or faulty, you t end to rationalize the purchase by convincing yourself that it was necessary, and it was a great idea all along. That is what post-purchase rationalization, or Buyer’s Stockholm Syndrome, is all about, because we subconsciously justify our purchases, especially the pricey ones.Decoy ChoiceAlso known as the asymmetric dominance effect, the decoy effect is the phenomenon whereby customers tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when a third new option is presented with asymmetric dominance.Different Presentation of ChoiceThe ways in which choices are presented to us do make a difference in the selection process. Presentation presents a different challenge to theories of choice based on preferences because the two alternatives will be chosen by the customer based on how they are presented to them instead of on the properties of the alternatives only.It is important to understand that the sensitivity to choices depends on how they are framed because it can be interpreted as suggesting that different presentations begin different choice processes that in turn result in different choices.WHY IS MAKING A CHOICE SO HARD FOR MANY OF US?Choice OverloadCommonly known as overchoice, choice overload is a cognitive process in which the individual is unable to arrive at a decision simply because there are too many choices to consider. Given, a wide array of choices will definitely attract customers because having many options to choose from is desirable for most of us. However, the main problem occurs when these exhaustive choices inhibit customers from making a purchase.The paralysis in the selection process occurs because we are not able to differentiate between the variants. The choice is delayed, and the individual enters a phase of procrastination. The decision quality of the individual also degrades considerably when they are presented with too many options.Choice Backed by WillpowerWe make thousands of decisions every day â€" consciously an d unconsciously. As we keep making more and more decisions in a day, it takes a toll on our willpower and eventually, we start looking for an easier way out of the everyday humdrum. Due to this, sometimes we tend to make decisions on impulse without a second thought or we simply choose to do nothing due to fatigue.Simply put, the more decisions you make, regardless of whether they are simple or complex, the less mental energy you will have to make proper decisions.What You Should Do to Simplify the Decision-Making Process for Your CustomersDo not come up with an exhaustive list of product variants that will result in cognitive overload.Each product should have a distinct and detailed product description so that the customer knows exactly what is being offered to him or her.Create different categories and filters that will ease the selection process.You can also ‘recommend’ different products that cater to different needs to simplify the selection procedure for customers.Now that you know how the psychology of choice works, it will be easier for you to understand how we make choices and the different biases that influence our choice. It will also be easier for you to make the right decision when it comes to buying products and services the next time around. Understanding the psychology of choice will also help you as a marketer to make your products or services more accessible to your target audience.